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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Firefight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Firefight (disambiguation)"> Firefight</a>.</div>

<p><b>Firefighting</b> is a <a href="Profession" title="Profession">profession</a> aimed at controlling and extinguishing <a href="Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who engages in firefighting is known as a <a href="Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighter</a> or fireman.<sup id="cite_ref-ncs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical training.<sup id="cite_ref-ncs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves structural firefighting and <a href="Wildland_firefighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighting">wildland firefighting</a>. Specialized training includes <a href="Aircraft_firefighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft firefighting">aircraft firefighting</a>, shipboard firefighting, <a href="Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">aerial firefighting</a>, maritime firefighting, and proximity firefighting.

</p><p>Firefighting is a dangerous profession due to the toxic environment created by <a href="Combustible_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible material">combustible materials</a>, with major risks being smoke, <a href="Oxygen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen deficiency">oxygen deficiency</a>, elevated temperatures, <a href="Poisonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous">poisonous</a> atmospheres, and violent air flows.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry <a href="Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a>. Additional hazards include <a href="Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a> – a constant peril while navigating unfamiliar layouts or confined spaces amid shifting debris under limited visibility – and <a href="Structural_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural collapse">structural collapse</a> that can exacerbate the problems encountered in a toxic environment.

</p><p>The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks. Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or <a href="Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">oxidant</a> removal, or chemical flame inhibition; though, because fires are classified depending on the elements involved, such as grease, paper, electrical, etcetera, a specific type of <a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> may be required. The classification is based on the type of fires that the extinguisher is more suitable for. In the United States, the types of fire are described by the <a href="National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></div>

<p>The earliest known firefighters were in the city of <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. In 60 A.D., emperor <a href="Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> established a Corps of <a href="Vigiles" title="Vigiles">Vigils</a> (<i>Vigiles</i>) to protect Rome after a disastrous fire. It consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes who fought fires and served as police.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_tactics_and_tools">Historic tactics and tools</h3></div>

<p>In the 3rd century B.C., an Alexandrian Greek named <a href="Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> made a double <a href="Force_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Force pump">force pump</a> called a <i>siphona</i>. As water rose in the chamber, it compressed the air inside, which forced the water to eject in a steady stream through a pipe and nozzle.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 16th century, <a href="Syringe" title="Syringe">syringes</a> were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another traditional firefighting method that survived was the bucket brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other line women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 17th century the first "fire engines" were made, notably in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1721, the English inventor <a href="Richard_Newsham" title="Richard Newsham">Richard Newsham</a> made a popular fire engine that was essentially a rectangular box on wheels filled using a bucket brigade to provide a reservoir while hand-powered pumps supplied sufficient water pressure to douse fires at a distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3></div>

<p><a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action. They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out. Ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the <i><a href="Vigiles" title="Vigiles">Vigiles</a></i> were formed during the reign of <a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first ever Roman fire brigade was created by <a href="Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>. Fires were almost a daily occurrence in Rome, and Crassus took advantage of the fact that Rome had no fire department, by creating his own brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm. Upon arriving at the scene, however, the firefighters did nothing while Crassus offered to buy the burning building from the distressed property owner, at a miserable price. If the owner agreed to sell the property, his men would put out the fire; if the owner refused, then they would simply let the structure burn to the ground. After buying many properties this way, he rebuilt them, and often leased the properties to their original owners or new tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Great_Fire_of_Rome:Life_and_Death_in_the_Ancient_City_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Great_Fire_of_Rome:Life_and_Death_in_the_Ancient_City-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch-2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrivLibCrassus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrivLibCrassus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<p>Prior to the <a href="Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting crews. After the Great Fire, <a href="Nicholas_Barbon" title="Nicholas Barbon">Nicholas Barbon</a> introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce insurance costs, Barbon also formed his own <a href="Fire_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Brigade">fire brigade</a>, and other companies followed suit.

</p><p>By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a <a href="Fire_insurance_mark" title="Fire insurance mark">badge or mark</a> indicating that they were eligible for a company's firefighting services. It is a common belief that buildings not insured with a particular company were left by its firefighters to burn,<sup id="cite_ref-fireservice.co.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireservice.co.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless they happened to be adjacent to an insured building, in which case it was often in the company's interest to prevent the fire from spreading. This is a common misconception.<sup id="cite_ref-fireservice.co.uk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireservice.co.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833 fire insurance companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment.

</p><p>Steam-powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s, allowing a greater quantity of water to be directed onto a fire; in the early 1930s they were superseded by versions powered by an internal combustion engine.

</p><p>In <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="Auxiliary_Fire_Service" title="Auxiliary Fire Service">Auxiliary Fire Service</a>, and later the <a href="National_Fire_Service" title="National Fire Service">National Fire Service</a>, were established to supplement local fire services. Before 1938, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment (such as hose couplings). In the month of August in 1939 with war looking very possible the Fire Service's act of 1938 came into effect. This unified Great Britain's fire service and prepared them for the German war machine. During the <a href="The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London Blitz</a>, 700 fire men and 20 fire women, as known during the time period died as a result of heavy bombing, 91 of these perished at the same time defending London. By the end of the London Blitz, 327 firefighters had lost their lives.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>In January 1608, a fire destroyed many colonists' provisions and lodgings in <a href="Jamestown%2C_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>. By the mid-1600s, <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (later <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>), and <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> were all plagued by fires, and volunteer fire brigades began to form.<sup id="cite_ref-firehistory.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firehistory.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>In 1736, <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> founded the <a href="Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a> in Philadelphia, which became the standard for volunteer fire organizations. These firefighters had two critical tools: salvage bags and so-called bed keys. Salvage bags were used to quickly collect and save valuables, and bed keys were used to separate the wooden frame of a bed (often the most valuable item in a home at the time) into pieces for safe and rapid removal from the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first American attempt at fire insurance failed after a large fire in <a href="Charlestown%2C_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a> in 1736. Later in 1740, Benjamin Franklin organized the <a href="Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a> to provide fire insurance, which was more successful. The Contributionship adopted "fire marks" to easily identify insured buildings. Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets, ladders, and hooks, and with the formation of volunteer companies. A chain of command was also established.<sup id="cite_ref-firehistory.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firehistory.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firefighter_duties">Firefighter duties</h2></div>

<p>A firefighter's goals are to save lives, protect property, and protect the environment. A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives, but with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe can often be avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a firefighter's duties may include public education about <a href="Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">fire safety</a> and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local <a href="Fire_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire code">fire codes</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firefighter_skills">Firefighter skills</h3></div>

<p>Firefighting requires technical proficiency of operational tactics, equipment, and scene awareness. Firefighters must also have, or be able to acquire, knowledge of department organizations, operations, and procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the district or city street system<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they will have to negotiate in order to perform their duties.

</p><p>They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting duties within a reasonable period<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Examples are:

</p>

<ul><li>Building construction</li>

<li>Fire behavior</li>

<li>Firefighting PPE</li>

<li>Fire extinguishers</li>

<li>Ropes and knots</li>

<li>Ground ladders</li>

<li>Forcible entry</li>

<li>Search and rescue</li>

<li>Ventilation</li>

<li>Fire hose and streams</li>

<li>Fire suppression</li>

<li>Salvage and overhaul</li>

<li>Vehicle extrication and technical rescue</li>

<li>Hazardous materials response</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_skills">Specialized skills</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Special_operations_firefighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Special operations firefighters">Special operations firefighters</a></div>

<p>Specialized areas of operations may require subject-specific training.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Examples are:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Fire apparatus driver/operator -</b> trained to drive fire apparatus to and from fires and other emergencies, operate fire-apparatus pumps and aerial devices, and maintain apparatus.</li>

<li><b>Hazardous materials technician -</b> certified to mitigate <a href="Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous materials</a> emergencies.</li>

<li><b>Rescue technician -</b> certified to perform complex technical rescues.</li>

<li><b>Airport firefighter -</b> trained in <a href="Aircraft_rescue_and_firefighting" title="Aircraft rescue and firefighting">ARFF</a>.</li>

<li><b>Wildland firefighter -</b> trained to extinguish fires in outdoor vegetation, including the <a href="Wildland%E2%80%93urban_interface" title="Wildland–urban interface">wildland/urban interface</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift_hours">Shift hours</h3></div>

<p>Full-time career firefighters typically follow a 24-hour shift schedule, although some fire departments work 8- or 12-hour shifts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian firefighters work a 10/14 shift, in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firefighting personnel are split up into alternating shifts. Usually, the 24-hour shifts are followed by two days off.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time, ready to complete a regular tour of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on shift, the firefighter remains at the fire station unless relieved or assigned other duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_wardens">Fire wardens</h3></div>

<p>In fire fighting, there are also people designated as fire wardens, also known as chief officers. Their duties vary, some may ensure evacuation of that part of the building for which they are responsible; others may be responsible for fire control in a particular area, direct a crew in the suppression of forest fires, or function as fire patrolmen in a logging area.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The chief officer is in charge of their firefighters during fires or emergencies, and is expected to command and control the overall situation while effectively combating a fire or other emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief officers must be able to evaluate their firefighters, use sound judgement when deciding when it is time to withdraw firefighters from a fire, and react calmly in emergency situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief officer must direct the activities of a fire department and supervise all firefighting activities, requiring extensive knowledge of city layouts, the location of streets, fire hydrants and fire alarm boxes, and the principal buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chief officer must be familiar with sources of fires, including explosives, hazardous chemicals, and the combustion qualities of materials in buildings, homes, and <a href="Industrial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial plant">industrial plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Regents_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Regents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In certain jurisdictions, civilians can get certified to be a Fire Warden, and some cities require certain types of buildings, such as high rises, to have a certain number of Fire Wardens. For example, the city of <a href="Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> in the United States requires every tenant in a high-rise to have at least one Fire Warden for every 7500 sq. ft. occupied, and a minimum of two Fire Wardens per floor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this example, their duties include investigating any fire alarms (see if there really is a fire and if so, its nature), ensuring the fire department is contacted, directing the evacuation of the facility, activating or delaying activation of fire suppression equipment such as halon and sprinklers (delayed in case of a false alarm), meeting the fire department and taking them to the location of the alarm or to the fire past any security or locked doors, and, if necessary, fighting the fire until the fire department arrives.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firefighter_safety_zone_guidelines">Firefighter safety zone guidelines</h3></div>

<p>The U.S. Forest Service publishes guidelines for the minimum distance a firefighter should be from a flame.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As stated in the National Wildfire Coordinating Group's Incident Response Pocket Guide: "A safety zone is an area where a firefighter can survive without a <a href="Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">fire shelter</a>" and should be "...at least four times the maximum continuous flame height."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this figure only takes into account the effects of radiant heat and does not consider topography nor wind.

</p><p>Safety Zones can be natural features such as rock screes, meadows, and river bars; or human-made features such as parking lots or areas that have been cleared of vegetation through mechanical means.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards_caused_by_fires">Hazards caused by fires</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_a_fire">During a fire</h3></div>

<p>One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials. The four major hazards are:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Smoke, which is becoming increasingly dangerous due to the increased variety and amount of synthetic household materials</li>

<li>Oxygen deficient atmosphere (21% O<sub>2</sub> is normal and 19.5% O<sub>2</sub> is considered oxygen deficient)</li>

<li>Elevated temperatures</li>

<li>Toxic atmospheres</li></ul>

<p>To deal with such hazards, firefighters carry a <a href="Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> (SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure system) to prevent smoke inhalation. These are not oxygen tanks (oxygen as a powerful fire <a href="Accelerant" title="Accelerant">accelerant</a> would represent a grave risk when combined with virtually anything combustible in the presence of fire) but use compressed air in a similar manner to <a href="Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">SCUBA diving gear</a>. A firefighter's SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air, depending on the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities. While this gear helps to eliminate the risks, firefighters are still exposed to smoke, toxic dust, fumes and radiation that have contributed to firefighters being 14% more likely to develop cancer.

</p><p>Obvious risks associated with the immense heat generated by a fire, even without direct contact with the flames (direct flame impingement), such as <a href="Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conductive heat</a> and <a href="Radiant_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heat">radiant heat</a>, can cause serious burns even from great distances. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks, such as <a href="Burn" title="Burn">burns</a> from hot gases (e.g., air), steam, and hot and/or toxic <a href="Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>. Prolonged, intense exertion in hot environments also increases firefighters' risk for heat-related illnesses, such as <a href="Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, firefighters are equipped with <a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) that includes fire-resistant clothing such as <a href="Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a> or <a href="Polybenzimidazole_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybenzimidazole fiber">polybenzimidazole fiber</a> (PBI) and helmets that limit the transmission of heat towards the body. No PPE, however, can completely protect the user from the effects of all possible fire conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Heat can cause flammable liquid contained in tanks to <a href="Explosion" title="Explosion">explode</a> violently, producing what is called a <a href="BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">BLEVE</a> (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chemical products such as <a href="Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> <a href="Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> can also explode, potentially causing <a href="Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">physical trauma</a> from <a href="Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">blast</a> or <a href="Shrapnel_(fragment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrapnel (fragment)">shrapnel</a> injuries. Sufficient heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, leading to potentially severe medical problems.

</p><p>Furthers risks include the occurrences of <a href="Backdraft" title="Backdraft">backdrafts</a>. Backdrafts occur when there is a large amount of oxygen introduced to an oxygen-depleted fire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a fire is compartmentalized and most or all of the oxygen has been burned up, there is a high risk of backdraft if something such as a window or door is opened. Introducing oxygen to a low burning fire can be devastating as it will ignite all of the oxygen along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be heard from miles away as it has a concussive blast that adds to the effect. Firefighters need to have extreme communication at all times on the fire ground as one broken window at the wrong time could seriously harm anyone operating on the building.

</p><p>Depending on the heat of the fire, <a href="Burn" title="Burn">burns</a> can occur in a fraction of a second.

</p><p>Additional risks of fire are the obscuring of vision due to

smoke, potentially causing a <a href="Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">fall</a> or <a href="Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a>; becoming trapped in a fire; and <a href="Structural_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural collapse">structural collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>"Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters" according to a study by Bo Fernhall, a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparent found in weightlifters and endurance athletes..."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_debris_cleanup">During debris cleanup</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Occupational_hazards_of_fire_debris_cleanup" title="Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup">Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup</a></div>

<p>Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris. <a href="Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silica</a> can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause <a href="Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhalation of <a href="Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> can result in various diseases including <a href="Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">asbestosis</a>, lung cancer, and <a href="Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include <a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polyaromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris, <a href="Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a> from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Standard <a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> for fire cleanup include <a href="Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">hard hats</a>, <a href="Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a> or safety glasses, heavy work gloves, <a href="Earplug" title="Earplug">earplugs</a> or other <a href="Hearing_protection_device" title="Hearing protection device">hearing protection</a>, <a href="Steel-toe_boot" title="Steel-toe boot">steel-toe boots</a>, and <a href="Fall_protection" title="Fall protection">fall protection</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazard controls for <a href="Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">electrical injury</a> include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of an area is an <a href="Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering control</a> that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as <a href="N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirators</a> can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconnaissance_and_"reading"_the_fire">Reconnaissance and "reading" the fire</h2></div>

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<p>The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire (which may not be obvious for an indoor fire, especially if there are no witnesses), to identify any specific risks, and to detect possible casualties. An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance, but a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire.

</p><p>The "reading" of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as <a href="Flashover" title="Flashover">flashover</a>, <a href="Backdraft" title="Backdraft">backdraft</a> or <a href="Smoke_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke explosion">smoke explosion</a>. It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers.

</p><p>The main signs are:

</p>

<ul><li>Hot zones, which can be detected with a gloved hand, for example by touching a door before opening it;</li>

<li>Soot on windows, which usually means that combustion is incomplete, and thus, a lack of air in the room;</li>

<li>Smoke pulsing in and out around a door frame, as if the fire were breathing, which usually also means a lack of air to support combustion.</li></ul>

<p>Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray (e.g., a <a href="Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a> with an opening angle of 60°) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke: If the temperature is moderate, the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain; if the temperature is high, the water <a href="Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporizes</a> with a hiss—the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover.

</p><p>Ideally, part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures, firefighter hazards, and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Firefighting_threat_assessment_matrix" title="Firefighting threat assessment matrix">Firefighting threat assessment matrix</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_of_extinguishment">Science of extinguishment</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Fire#Chemistry" title="Fire">Fire Chemistry</a> and <a href="Wildfire#Physical_properties" title="Wildfire">Physical properties of wildfires</a></div>

<p>There are four elements<sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_Richard_1998_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Richard_1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame: temperature, a <a href="Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, an oxidizing agent (oxygen), and a chemical reaction. A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_Richard_1998_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Richard_1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of a fire. When it comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The resulting self-sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases, including oxygen, when the proper conditions exist. It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.

</p><p>Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire. Water extinguishes a fire by cooling, which removes heat because of water’s <a href="Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">ability</a> to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to <a href="Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from <a href="Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> the fuel in order to sustain the fire. Water also extinguishes a fire by <a href="Smothering" class="mw-redirect" title="Smothering">smothering</a> it. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.

</p><p>Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel, by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire, or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which point the fire will self-extinguish.

</p><p>One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel because they must have flame to burn.

</p><p>Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two <a href="George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> senior engineering students, Viet Tran and Seth Robertson, but the procedure is still awaiting a patent (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_water">Use of water</h2></div>

<p>One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water. The water has two roles: It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire, and this vapor displaces the oxygen (the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water, at 1,000 °F (538 °C) it expands over 4,000 times). This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent, and it dies out.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaporization of water also absorbs heat; it thereby cools the smoke, air, walls, and objects that could act as further fuel, and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow, which is by "jumping" to nearby heat/fuel sources to start new fires, which then combine. Water extinguishment is thus a combination of "asphyxia" (cutting off the oxygen supply) and cooling. The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia, but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area.

</p><p>Water may be accessed from a pressurized <a href="Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">fire hydrant</a>, pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers, delivered by <a href="Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">tanker truck</a>, or dropped from <a href="Water_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bombers">water bombers</a>, which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting <a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a>. An armored vehicle (<a href="Firefighting_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefighting tank">firefighting tank</a>) may be used where access to the area is difficult.

</p>

<p>For outdoor fires, the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray: the cooling effect immediately follows the "asphyxia" caused by vaporization and reduces the further amount of water required. This is because water droplets, upon forming in to water mist, increase their surface area by a large magnitude, greatly increasing the endothermic cooling effect and robbing the fire of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes. A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again. Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object. For this reason, the strategy is sometimes called a two-dimensional or 2D attack.

</p><p>An outdoor fire is always fed with air, and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it, except in the case of <a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames. It might, however, be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation, and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object. Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_volume_fire">Closed volume fire</h3></div>

<p>Until the 1970s, fires were usually attacked while they declined, using the same strategy as for open air fires. Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction. The increasing use of <a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> confines the heat, and modern materials, especially <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, produce much more heat than do traditional materials like <a href="Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>, and <a href="Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>. Under these conditions, there is a greater risk of <a href="Backdraft" title="Backdraft">backdraft</a> and <a href="Flashover" title="Flashover">flashover</a>.

</p><p>Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences: the force of water pushes air in front of it, which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water. The most important issue is not combating the flames, but controlling the fire; for example, cooling the smoke so that it cannot spread and start fires further away, and endanger the lives of people, including the firefighters.

</p><p>When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood, it is called a "conflagration." Today, a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked. This strategy, originally of Swedish origin (Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson), was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy <a href="West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End of London</a> between 1984 and 1994<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and termed the three-dimensional or 3D attack.

</p><p>Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the <a href="Parkersburg%2C_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg</a> Fire Department, at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC) held in <a href="Memphis%2C_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>. Using Grimwood's modified 3D attack strategy, the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray. This

cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away. As gas cools it becomes <a href="Density" title="Density">denser</a> (<a href="Charles's_law" title="Charles's law">Charles's law</a>); thus, it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a "backfire" of water vapor. Also, the diffuse spray creates an inert "water vapor sky", which prevents "roll-over" (rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases).

</p><p>Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at the ceiling) move around the room, and the temperature rises at the ground, which is dangerous for firefighters.

</p><p>An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ("penciling").

</p><p>Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g. 500 <a href="Litre" title="Litre">L</a>/min for each <a href="Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">fire hose</a>. The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke. If the flow is too low, the cooling is insufficient, and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters (the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction).

</p><p>Although it may seem paradoxical, the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy (diffuse spray, small droplets) requires a smaller amount of water. This is because once the temperature is lowered, only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat with a straight spray. For a living room of 50 m<sup>2</sup> (60 sq yd), the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L (15 gal).

</p><p><a href="French_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="French firefighter">French firefighters</a> used an alternative method in the 1970s: spraying water on the hot walls to create a water vapor atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire. This method is no longer used because it turned out to be risky; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapor towards the firefighters, causing severe burns, and pushed the hot gases into other rooms where they could start other fires.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asphyxiating_a_fire">Asphyxiating a fire</h2></div>

<p>In some cases, the use of water is undesirable. This is because some chemical products <a href="Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">react</a> with water to produce poisonous gases,<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_&_Engineering_News_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_&_Engineering_News-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they may even burn when they come into contact with water (e.g., <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>), see <a href="Water-reactive_substances" title="Water-reactive substances">water-reactive substances</a>. Another problem is that some products float on water, such as <a href="Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> (<a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, and <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, etc.); a burning layer can then be spread by the fire. If

a pressurized fuel tank is endangered by fire it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage the tank if it is sprayed with cooling water; the resulting decompression might produce a <a href="BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">BLEVE</a> (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_Rescue_-_BLEVE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire_Rescue_-_BLEVE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Electrical fires cannot be extinguished with water since the water could act as a conductor.

</p><p>In such cases, it is necessary to asphyxiate the fire. This can be done in a variety of ways. Chemical products which react with the fuel can be used to stop the combustion. A layer of water-based <a href="Fire_fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting foam">fire retardant foam</a> can be applied by the fire hose in order to separate the oxygen in the air from the fuel. <a href="Carbon_dioxide#Fire_extinguisher" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="Halomethane#Fire_extinguishing" title="Halomethane">halon</a>, or <a href="Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">sodium bicarbonate</a> can be used. In the case of very small fires and in the absence of other extinguishing agents, covering the flame with a <a href="Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">fire blanket</a> can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire. A simple and usually effective way to put out a fire in a stove-top pan is to put a lid on the pan and leave it there.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactical_ventilation_or_isolation_of_the_fire">Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire</h2></div>

<p>One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke; because, it carries heat and poisonous gases, and obscures vision. In the case of a fire in a closed location (building), the following two different strategies may be used: isolation of the fire or ventilation.

</p><p>Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a better thought-out approach to this aspect of firefighting. Following work with Warrington Fire Research Consultants (FRDG 6/94) his terminology and concepts were adopted officially by the <a href="Fire_service_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire service in the United Kingdom">UK fire services</a>, and are now referred to throughout revised <a href="Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> training manuals (1996–97). Grimwood's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that, "<i>tactical ventilation</i> is either the venting, or containment (isolation) actions by on-scene firefighters, used to take control from the outset of a fire's burning regime, in an effort to gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations."

</p><p>When properly used, <a href="Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">ventilation</a> improves life safety, fire extinguishment, and property conservation by 'pulling' fire away from trapped occupants and objects.

</p><p>In most cases of structural firefighting, windows are broken or removed from the outside of the building to provide efficient horizontal ventilation. A 4x4 foot opening may also be cut into the roof directly over the fire room. This allows hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening, returning the conditions inside the room to normal. It is important to coordinate the ventilation with an interior fire attack since the opening of a ventilation hole supplies more air, and thus oxygen, to the fire. Ventilation may also "limit fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely attack the fire" as well as limit smoke, heat, and water damage.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a> (PPV) consists of using a <a href="Fan_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (mechanical)">fan</a> to create excess pressure in a part of the building. This pressure pushes the smoke and heat out of the building, and thus facilitates rescue and fire fighting operations. It is necessary to have an exit for the smoke, to know the building layout well to predict where the smoke will go, and to ensure that the doors ensuring the ventilation remain open by wedging or propping them. The main risk of this method is that it may accelerate the fire, or even create a flash-over; for example, if the smoke and the heat accumulate in a dead end.

</p><p>Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream of water from the inside of a structure out the window using a fog pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_Delmar_Learning_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will effectively pull smoke out of room. Smoke ejectors may also be used for this purpose.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorizing_fires">Categorizing fires</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></div>

<p>In the US, fires are sometimes categorized as "one alarm", "all hands", "two alarm", "three alarm" (or higher) fires. There is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably; though, it always refers to the level of response by the local authorities. In some cities, the numeric rating refers to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to the fire. In others, it reflects the number of "dispatches" requesting additional personnel and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC4.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC4.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thevillager.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thevillager.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Alarms levels are generally used to define the tiers of the response as to what resources are to be used. For example, a <a href="Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">structure fire</a> response draws the following equipment: four engine/pumper companies, one truck/ladder/aerial/quint company, and one <a href="Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">battalion chief</a> unit. This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm. A working fire request (for the same incident) would call for air/light units and

chief officers/fireground commanders (if not provided in the original dispatch). This summarizes the response to a First Alarm fire. Second and subsequent alarms call for two engine companies and one truck company.

</p><p>The reason behind the "Alarm" designation is so the Incident Commander does not have to list each apparatus required. He can simply say, "Give me a second alarm here", instead of "Give me a truck company and two engine companies" along with requesting where they should come from. Categorization of fires varies among fire departments. A single alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another. Response always depends on the size of the fire and the department.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">fire services in the United Kingdom</a>, the scale of a fire is measured by the number of "pumps" (ordinary <a href="Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engines</a>) that were present. For example, a fire which was attended by 4 engines would be recorded as a "4-pump fire".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wallington_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallington-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Glossary of firefighting</a>—list of firefighting terms and acronyms, with descriptions

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Glossary of firefighting equipment</a>—expansion of <i>Glossary of firefighting</i></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a>—expansion of <i>Glossary of firefighting</i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles">Index of firefighting articles</a>—alphabetical list of firefighting articles</li>

<li><a href="List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">List of fire departments</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting">Outline of firefighting</a>—structured list of firefighting topics, organized by subject area</li>

<li><a href="Occupational_hazards_of_fire_debris_cleanup" title="Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup">Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Air_Force_Fire_Protection" title="United States Air Force Fire Protection">United States Air Force Fire Protection</a> - United States Air Force Firefighting</li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-The_Great_Fire_of_Rome:Life_and_Death_in_the_Ancient_City-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Great_Fire_of_Rome:Life_and_Death_in_the_Ancient_City_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Joseph. <i>The Great Fire of Rome: Life and Death in the Ancient City</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Klaene. Structural Firefighting: Strategies and Tactics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7637-5168-5</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7637-5168-5</bdi></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firefighting" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:firefighting">firefighting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Firefighting" class="extiw external" title="commons:Firefighting"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Firefighting</span></a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/">CDC - NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Firefighting814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">By place</a>

<ul><li><a href="Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_in_Belgium" title="Firefighting in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_in_Finland" title="Firefighting in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_services_in_France" title="Fire services in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Fire_Services" title="German Fire Services">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_in_Japan" title="Firefighting in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_services_in_South_Korea" title="Fire services in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_in_the_United_States" title="Firefighting in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li>

<li><a href="Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li>

<li><a href="Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li>

<li><a href="Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a>

<li><a href="Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li>

<li><a href="Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireman's_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireman's_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li>

<li><a href="Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li>

<li><a href="Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li>

<li><a href="Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li>

<li><a href="PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li>

<li><a href="Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li>

<li><a href="False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_classification" title="Fire classification">Fire classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireman's_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li>

<li><a href="Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li>

<li><a href="Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Firefighters'_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li>

<li>International organizations

<ul><li><a href="International_Fire_Marshals_Association" title="International Fire Marshals Association">International Fire Marshals Association</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Fire_Chiefs" title="International Association of Fire Chiefs">International Association of Fire Chiefs</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of films</a></li>

<li><a href="Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment <br>and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li>

<li><a href="McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li>

<li><a href="Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> Fire protection</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Firefighting"><b>Commons</b></a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <a href="Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting"><b>Glossary</b></a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <a href="Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles"><b>Index</b></a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire447" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fire447" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li>

<li><a href="Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual fires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>By country</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Death by burning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromanias</a>

<ul><li><a href="Child_pyromaniac" title="Child pyromaniac">Child</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Firefighter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li>

<li><a href="Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Flame_Research_Foundation" title="International Flame Research Foundation">International Flame Research Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Combustion_Institute" title="The Combustion Institute">The Combustion Institute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>

<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Fire">Commons</a></li>

<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Fire">Wiktionary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> – <a href="List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">list by death toll</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geological_hazard" title="Geological hazard">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li>

<li><a href="Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br>(<a href="Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br>(<a href="List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a>

<ul><li><a href="Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Firefighting&oldid=1303318816">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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